About
Mikhail Borisovich Khodorkovsky is a Russian businessman, oligarch, and opposition activist currently residing in London. He rose to prominence in the 1990s through the privatization of state assets, becoming one of Russia's wealthiest individuals as the head of the Yukos oil company. However, he later fell out of favor with the Russian government and was imprisoned on charges of fraud and tax evasion. He has since become a vocal critic of Vladimir Putin's regime.
Career Timeline
Founded Bank Menatep
Established Bank Menatep during perestroika, capitalizing on early market reforms. This banking venture laid the foundation for his future wealth and influence.
Acquired Yukos Oil Company
Gained control of Yukos through the controversial loans-for-shares privatization scheme, catapulting him into the ranks of Russia's oligarchs. This acquisition made him one of the wealthiest people in Russia.
Russia's Richest Man
Yukos became Russia's largest oil producer, making Khodorkovsky the richest person in Russia with an estimated fortune of $15 billion. He was internationally recognized as a major business figure and began funding opposition political parties.
Arrested by Putin Regime
Arrested on charges of fraud and tax evasion in what was widely seen as a politically motivated prosecution for challenging Putin. The arrest sent shockwaves through Russia's business community and international markets.
Yukos Assets Seized
The Russian state seized and dismantled Yukos, transferring its assets primarily to state-owned Rosneft. Khodorkovsky's wealth plummeted dramatically as his business empire was destroyed while he remained imprisoned.
Second Conviction
Convicted on additional charges of embezzlement and money laundering, extending his prison sentence. International condemnation of his trial elevated his status as a political prisoner and symbol of Putin's authoritarianism.
Released and Exiled
Pardoned and released after 10 years in prison, immediately fleeing to Germany and later settling in London. His release brought renewed international attention, and he became a prominent critic of Putin's regime.
Opposition Leader in Exile
Established himself as a leading voice of Russian opposition from exile, funding pro-democracy initiatives and media outlets. While influential among Russian dissidents, his impact inside Russia remained limited.
Ukraine War Commentary
Gained renewed attention as a vocal critic of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, providing analysis and supporting Ukrainian resistance. However, his influence remained primarily within opposition circles and Western media.
Exiled Opposition Voice
Continues as a symbol of resistance to Putin's regime but has limited practical influence on Russian politics. He remains moderately wealthy and well-known in political circles but is largely forgotten by mainstream global audiences.
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Last updated: February 23, 2026